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"Mesopotamia." In The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Ed. John L. Esposito. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Jan 23, 2021. <http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1500>.
"Mesopotamia." In The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. , edited by John L. Esposito. Oxford Islamic Studies Online, http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1500 (accessed Jan 23, 2021).
“Land between the two rivers.” Region located in a position of great strategic and commercial significance in the fertile Tigris and Euphrates river valleys. Home of many great empires such as the Sumerian, Assyrian, and Babylonian. Site of the Abbasid capitals Baghdad and Samarra, as well as the Shii holy cities of Karbala and Najaf.